Monday, April 15, 2019

Biological Philosophy

Gene’s eye view theory was popularized by Richard Dawkins in a book titled The Selfish Gene which was released in the year 1976. The theory centers on the changes in the evolution of genes and thus changing the perception of the way processes work. It also explained the reasons why things work the way they work. The focus was in the areas such as the genetic lines, genetic fitness and the individual goals and this form the bases of those concepts. The theory asserted that evolution took place at the genes level and since genes are the replicas of the biological system, they are propagated in production. In this concept, an alteration through, say a mutation, will change the characteristic of the genes and thus altering the characteristics of other versions and thus it will strive to adapt as others (Dawkins, 1-10).
Richard Lewontin’s and Elliot Sober mounted a popular argument against the above Gene’s Eye view on the basis that it misrepresents the causes of the evolution: although the evolutionary models that conform to the George C Williams’ genic selection view may permit the computation, that they misrepresents the evolution causes often. This further elaborated the idea that the gene selection coefficient is not a cause of evolution but instead an artifact’s (Lewontin).
But what is the line between the artifacts and the causes? Lewontin and Sober used a principle that dictated that causes are supposed to result to a contribution that is context-independent in their effects. The selection level thus is the one which the causes operate and is recognizable by the independence principle: for fitness X which is context sensitive, then the X selection will be absent and in that case the selection will instead be of an organization that is higher than X (Sober and Lewontin, 579).  Kitcher and Sterelny and as well as Walter supported the gene’s view by criticizing the principle that was used by Sober and Lewontin in their criticism. The principle is basically the causation principle. This principle can be generalized to mean that cause should increase the effects’ probability.      
Lewontin’s criticism on the gene’s eye view is based on the genetic relativity principle; a gene’s contribution to organism fitness depends on other genes. In this principle, phenomena such as the heterozygote superiority, dominance, generic equilibrium all goes to illustrate this principle. The principle illustrates the fact that the fitness of the genetics are dependent on the context thus the selection at the genic level cannot exist. Heterozygote superiority phenomenon as it occurs at the locus, as exhibited in sickle cell anemia, was used. This is generally a disease that has the capacity to eliminate the ability to produce the offsprings. Although deleterious for the allele, it as well benefits the organisms. The chances of suffering from anemia and malaria are reduced. This brings about the notion that the areas that are prone to malaria, heterozygote will be at an advantage as compared to the homozygote. In their conclusion, Lewontin and Sober asserted that it may not be possible to state entirely that the possession of the sickle cell allele is advantageous or disadvantageous in fitness. The selection can therefore not occur against or for the individual. Genotype coefficients can be used for the representation of the selection forces.
The aims of Water, Sternly and Kitcher may have been achieved in refuting the causation claim, however, this cannot be exclusively be used to disregard the issues tat were raised in their criticism. An example is the alleles represented as artifacts and diploid genotypes as causes. The only shortcoming in their critique is the fact that they used a type level claim principle while in real such does not exist. Such an approach can be likened to remarking about evolution within an evolutionary process. This can be said to be a case of a singular casual claim. Hence calls for a need to utilize another principle to distinguish the artifacts from the causes. An example is the singular causation principle in which an event is connected to another and an intervening mechanism connects the two events. In general, the best way to show that an event caused the other is to highlight the mechanism that connects the two events (Glennan).
In this regard, the criticism by Lewontin and Sober which asserts that the genic fitness are representation of the artifacts and not causes can be upheld by demonstrating the mechanism that is responsible for the individual organism fitness is dependent on the larger genome segment as compared to the single allele. The genes do not function independently but rather they are united and operate in unison. A simple example is the fact that, when a living organism dies, it dies as a whole thus this can be used as a bench mark in understanding the genetic selection level.
In my conclusion, Sober and Lewontin assertion that the genic fitness are in fact artifacts and that genotype cannot be said in a way to be wrong. The two can be said to be artifacts and thus in this case, fitness can be said to be a property of types and the evolution is as a result of the successive reproductive stages. And this does not imply that the genotype evolution does not exist, it simply explains the fitness of the genotype to the person having it. The fitness is denoted by the reproductive success of individuals who possesses that type rather than the reproductive success being denoted by a genotype. Thus the argument is right in a way but the method employed was not the most appropriate.
Stephen Jay Gould’s “The Structure Of The Evolution Theory,” attempted to expand the Darwin theory in an attempt to build an extrapolated and unique preview and still manage to stay within the fundamental principles of the original Darwin theory: agency, the natural selection that acts on the individual entities, efficacy that results to new species that are more adaptable to the new environment and scope which incorporate the changes that are accumulated with time and they goes to give the organism the morphological complexity and diversity. He argued that Darwin had undergone a series of revisions. He succeeded in showing that hierarchics have resulted to the expansion of Darwinism, but he was not successful in criticizing the adaptation (Grantham).
Jay has been on the front line with his eloquent prose which challenged and stimulated the evolutionary biologists and as well the matrix philosophy essay. His writings as well drew the attention of the general public with his interesting topics. His previous work included the exploration of the of the hierarchy importance and as well the possibility species. In the late 70s, he focused his attention in on developmental biology after criticizing the evolutional biology. In the 80s and in the 90s, he focused on the religion and science. He as well zoomed in to the disparity issues and argued that it may have decreased since the time of Cambrian. His work captured the attentions of the lay readers especially in the history and in the contemporary (Grantham, Todd).
His theory, the sstructure of the evolutionary theory offered analyzed the Darwinism theory in a new way arguing that it had undergone a series of revision and had expanded. He was so much convinced that his theory would out do the Darwin’s theory and that it would stand out. He stressed on the point that, Darwin had laid the foundation in the development of the evolution biology but it was upon the other theorists to continue with the work. To make his point clear, he argued that Darwin had used four essential theses; the core was that the natural selection was a true cause. He substituted them with three other claims as outlined above. The combination of these claims guaranteed that the natural selection was the core of the theory. He claimed that this analysis was a good depiction of the Darwin evolution theory.
In his argument on the historical constraints (which means the history of all that was ahead in the biological lineage) plays an important role in the determination of the species. In his analysis, he ignored other factors that have impacted in the evolution of the species. He went on to attack Theodosius Dobzhansky's theory which is based on the ecology and the adaptive peaks. In his illustration, he used a simple example of a cat and a dog. Dobzhansky explained in his theory that the dogs and the cats exists in that discrete form without any match in between them owing to the ecological factors that favor their discrete existence and nothing in between them. Gould in his argument explains the fact that, the two species owe their existence to the historical constrains in their own form. This was attributed to the ancestral creatures which resembled the dogs and the cats.
A simple test refuted the claim by Gould, the test based on the ecological impacts on the species which would imply the existence of other creatures with properties that are close to those ones. This is exactly what is observed across the species. In a similar example as the one that was used by Gould, there are other creatures which resemble the cats or even the dogs. In Australia’s and as well in the South America’s marsupials which have given rise creatures which resembles the dogs. These examples made the Dobzhansky’s theory to be the more proffered.
On the other hand, Sterelny and Griffiths presents the constraints as a kind of adaptation view. A consensus can be drawn that explanatory adaptation can be accepted without the empirical adaptation. In the same way, physical adaptation can be embraced without necessarily embracing the explanatory adaptation. The explanatory adaptation is not without challenges in the concepts. Ronald Amundson (1998) distinguished between the adaptation constraints and the morphological constraints. In his example, he highlighted the fact that the testicles in the vertebrates cannot show any constraints in the adaptation. But the explanation on these accounts can only be deducted from the evolution history. This theory contradicts the theory of the natural selection. It was as well posses the challenge in the explanation of the adaptation and the incorporation in the theory of revolution (Sterelny & Griffiths).
This argument can accepted at the expense of the Gould argument owing to the fact that the theory is in the close proximate with the observation. Gould’s arguments were refuted by an experiment which involved the observations of species from different environmental regions. Thus the Sterelny and Griffith’s argument which view the constraints as part of the adaptation and supported by evidence should be accepted.       


Thursday, June 21, 2018

Success


For one to  be successful, you must initially define what you understand  success is. Different people attach different meaning to success. To some, it may mean a huge salary or living the American dream of a fancy home and priceless cars. Others feel successful even in the center of daily  trials and tribulations. Determining  your purpose and then  making  decisions founded upon this purpose is the secret to success. Success  equates to that which makes you feel joy and fulfillment of your purpose in life.
Many people believe that expert essay writer success is wrapped up in material things, but the truth is that  success is wrapped up on how you perceive  yourself and how you  enjoy your life. For one to have a successful  life you need to have peace of mind which means being free from worry or fear, to have energy and health, to be in a loving relationship, financial freedom and personal fulfillment. To be successful one should show outstanding willpower when it comes to achieving  set goals.
The setback to success is that we normally do not live our lives based on our own definition of success. Instead we are  influenced by our environment that include friends, family, society and culture. Our decisions are  based  upon what we  perceive is expected of us  other than what we really desire and wish. This creates pressure and inequality as we live in other's expectations rather than in our own desire. We then  move outside of our planned purpose.
To have the willpower  is  one of the main factors of success and however you  define it, no success comes  without determination. For that reason there isn’t  success anywhere in this planet which is not accompanied by a good measure of hard work  and one can not  keep on with hard work with out having a solid determination.

It Is that simple ,for success to be achieved you must integrate hard work and determination in all fields. Success  lovers are not afraid of hard work, rather they fear too much leisure time. For one to define his own success  you have to answer the following, What are your  strengths and weaknesses? What things are important to you? Do you spend your life in your own way? It may not be simple to answer all this questions but by answering  these questions you come closer to defining your own measure of success one at a time.

Wednesday, June 20, 2018

Goal Statement

For most people teaching is just a way of passing information to those who want to learn. I view teaching as a way of helping people to understand themselves, their surroundings and improve their lives. My passion for Math and Science began when I was in grade school and while most people think these are difficult subjects, I appreciate the fact that they have the ability to open up your mind to very many possibilities. In high school, I decided teaching was the career path I wanted to take and after graduation, I went to university to pursue an undergraduate degree in education. It was during my days as an undergraduate student that I improved fundamental skills in written and verbal communication which are essential as a teacher.
At this stage, I realized that the subjects that had taken an interest in were my strong points as I trained to be a teacher. I was particularly interested in persuasive essay already written with special needs because they seem to be a group that is left out in the teaching of Math and Science. I have taught in public schools for the last seven years in the United States, Germany and Middle East and experienced the difficulties that most teachers in such an environment go through. With very many students to cater for, it is often very difficult to give students the kind of attention they need.
This is one of the things that I want to do address in my research when I start my Doctorate degree. Not all students have the same needs and capabilities and most public schools do not take this into consideration. I have also acquired my Master?s degree in teaching which I took as a part time student while teaching. This experience taught me the need for perseverance and how to organize my time effectively to achieve my goals. Working as a teacher in the Middle East and Germany taught me how to co-exist with people from different cultures. This experience taught me just how much culture can shape your perception. As a way of trying to understand my students, I learnt the local languages to be able to communicate with them more effectively. It was a difficult process but the determination to make a difference urged me on. Working with children with special needs has been both challenging and rewarding. These students are sensitive yet very bright and they have taught me about persistence and patience. This Doctorate degree will help me to get the necessary skills that I require to become a researcher in the field of education with a bias in dealing with children with special needs. I also have a desire to travel to other countries like Iran, Israel and the United Arab Emirates to study how the education systems in these countries differ from the one found in the United States.
This is driven by the experiences I had in Germany and the Middle East where culture greatly influences the learning process. This is in contrast to the United States where the system is largely independent and is not influenced by a particular culture. This Doctorate degree will help me achieve my goal to take part in research that will help children with special needs especially those who are from poor backgrounds. I hope you will give me a chance to join your Doctorate program to allow me to make a significant contribution in the research on the provision of learning opportunities for children with special needs.

Tuesday, June 19, 2018

Walking or Biking vs. Driving a Car


Researches at persuasive essay already written have shown that the people who walk or ride a bike to work at least part of the way compared to those who drive a car. Although they both are used to move from one place to another but they have a great contrast between them. The people who walk or ride a bike get a chance of simple exercise due to which they are good at their health as compared to the people who drive the cars (Butler, 2008). It is because the driving a car does not require any work force while walking and riding a bike require the energy.
By walking and riding a bike, the people can burn the extra calories of their body very easily. In addition to all this, it has also been viwed that walking and biking are much safer than driving a car. The accidents which take place on the roads and streets are mostly by the drivers of the cars.
One of the biggest advantage of walking and biking is that the rate of road accidents can be reduced to a great extent. Not only this, by walking and riding a bike, the children become indepent. They do not have to wait for their elder ones to take them out. Inspite of all this, walking and biking are the one of the way by which the rate of physical activites can be increased in the humans (Fenton and Bassett 2006). The people who drive the cars become dull and less energetic as compared to those who walk and ride a bike. The people who walk and ride a bike are much healthier than the people who are habitual of driving the cars. Reasearches have proved that the people who walk or ride a bike are less often ill. They cut the risk of heart disease, several types of cancer, diabetes, osteoporosis and stroke (Wasielewski, 1983).
Therefore, it can be said that walking or biking is better than driving a car because they include less risks. Walking or biking keep the person fit and fine all the time. It is more beneficial than driving a car due to the many aspects. Another reason of saying that walking and biking is better than driving a car is that it is very cheap. One can approach to it very easily

9 Tips to Writing Customer Centered Content


The main focus of your writing should be to stir the audience’s curiosity and garner a reaction from them, within the first sentence. Audience’s live in a fast paced world and if an article doesn’t appeal to them they will be quick to flick to something else. Here are nine ways to keep your audience engaged in your content:

1. Describe the Business

Readers want valuable information related to your business. They don’t want to feel like you are shoving promotional material down their throats. Give a clear description of what your business is doing, why your service can improve your client’s life and the benefits of your product.

2. Write About Customers

Don’t choose to write about random content that has no relevance to your customers. Reflect on a similar brand you are a customer of and think about what you would want them to feature. 
Take time to understand your customers from their online customer engagement stats, this will help in developing marketing strategies and producing relevant content.

3. Choose your Words

More often than not it’s not the words you write but how you use them that can win over an audience. The best strategy to achieve the optimal customer experience is to create a sense of community and communication. Make an emotional connection between your brand and the consumer.

4. Avoid Subtle Calls-to-action

When it comes to call-to-action phrases avoid any subtleties. Call-to-action statements are what makes the customer react and purchase from you instead of your competitors. Be direct and specific, don’t let the customer make assumptions about your products. This doesn’t mean you can be rude and harsh, just to the point. 
Give customers a point to call that action, give them a reason to sign up to your newsletter like offering discounts, pre-sales or exclusive items. Make sure the customer has a reason to choose your company over your competitors.

5. Avoid Sugar Coating

Customers are becoming more and more savvy. They have a multitude of bloggers, reviewers and price comparison websites at their fingertips so over the top gushing reviews don’t cut it any more. Customers don’t just want you to describe your brand as “amazing” or “life-changing” they want to know ingredients, benefits or facts about the process. Tell them what makes it the product they need in their life.
Try writing from a personal perspective by saying things like “Although I was sceptical,” or a personal touch by saying “It was recommended to me by my mother.” Avoiding going so over the top it begins to make customers sceptical. Phrases like “Age old recipe,” or “A family tradition,” can turn customers off because they simply don’t believe it.

6. Don’t Be Scared to Seek Help

Maybe you’re a small business that can’t afford to budget in copywriting teams. Don’t be afraid to use online tools to help perfect that article.

7. Tackle Difficult Truths

Customers understand that miracles aren’t real and business isn’t always perfect. If your business has a downside that you know customers will notice like a high price, don’t avoid mentioning it. Make customers trust you by being honest and informative. Give an argument as to why you have this flaw. Explain how expensive the ingredients are, the work that goes into it or how innovative the concept is. Great copywriting will argue what you can do for the customer.

8. Pay Attention to Design 

People will judge the business, brand or product from the content. Badly spelt text on a badly aligned template, in an ugly font can make people judge your brand. If it looks messy, careless and unprofessional, your business will be perceived the same way. Use correct grammar, sub-headers, bullet points and a professional template to give the right impression.
Using a good design will not only give the right image, but it will also make it easier for your audience to engage, making them more likely to return.

9. Avoid Superlatives

Copywriters and content makers have been known to overuse superlatives to sell their product. There are so many better ways to illustrate how good a product or service is without going into superlatives. Using sentences like “We’re the best,” has been proven to not work anymore. Don’t eliminate superlatives all together but only use them if you can back it up with a fact.
Relevancy is the key to keeping an audience engaged. Choose relevancy over cleverness. Keep professional and clear but think about what you would want from your favourite brands. While terminology, statistics and platforms may change, your audience’s needs rarely do.

Friday, June 15, 2018

How To Tell If Someone Is Lying

Have you ever been stuck in a situation, where you think someone is lying to you, but just not sure?  I know I have.  Study’s have actually shown that more people are lying more and more, which is not surprising to me in this day in time.  So, I have come up with a few ways you can protect yourself and expert essay writer, and to learn if the suspected Liar really is the liar you think they are!

1.) Repeating the Question
Perhaps they’re guaranteeing they heard you accurately. Or, on the other hand, possibly they’re slowing down for time, or else endeavoring to unload what you’ve asked and made sense of the amount you know. In the event that they’re doing this, note it, and measure it with a portion of the others on the rundown.

2.) Not able to tell details when asked to repeat 
It’s the situation in which the individual talking doesn’t include new points of interest that would contradict him-or herself, yet additionally can’t review what he or she already said.

3.) Breaking of eye contact
Most liars realize that lying isn’t right, so lessening eye to eye connection diminishes the blame of deceiving your face. What’s more, lying, for the most part, takes a considerable measure of intellectual and passionate vitality, so at the same time holding eye to eye connection can over-burden a liar and make him or her turn away.

4.) Too much Lingo
Is your suspected Liar using 1000 words when just one simple sentence would answer the question?  Or are they going around the question on another whole different subject to avoid you?  Time for you to find a new lunch partner, because you are being lied to.

5.) They avoid using “I”
 I’ve found that when individuals lie about themselves, they tend to utilize I and me less regularly than individuals who are being honest. Rather, they’ll talk about themselves in the third party point of view, anything to give themselves mental separation from the lie.  They distance themselves as much as possible.

So there you go, short simple and sweet!  Are you being lied to and have suspicions, these tricks have always helped me find out the truth!  Until next time my friends.  Stay alert, stay conscious, and be the watcher!